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Positive obligations of the member states The European Convention of Human Rights aims to secure the universal and effective recognition and observance of the rights embodied in this Convention. All human rights norms set forth are either positive or negative rights and obligations. Some rights are positive, such as freedom of expression. Positive rights give a person freedom to do something. For each positive right there is a negative obligation of the member state to refrain from interfering with that person's freedom. An example would be in not allowing that person to speak his opinions. The positive rights mentioned above, require positive obligations by a member state. This means that certain activities are required by the authorities to prevent for or react on violations of human rights. Especially the rights set forth in article 2 and 3 of the Convention need some special attention by the member states. Article 2 ECHR safeguards the right to life and set out the circumstances when deprivation of life may be justified. This right is ranked as one of the most fundamental provisions in the Convention, to which in peacetime no derogation is permitted under article 15. Together with article 3 (prohibition of torture),