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The process theories focus on how behavior is energized and directed and how it is related to performance and satisfaction. The process theory has three basic theories (1) expectancy theory, (2) reinforcement theory, and (3) equity theory. Expectancy theory focuses on how workers decide which specific behaviors to perform and how much effort to exert. In other words, expectancy theory is concerned with how workers make choices among alternative behaviors and levels of effort. With its emphasis on choices, expectancy theory focuses on workers' perceptions and thoughts or cognitive processes. Sometimes workers are not motivated to perform at a high level because they do not perceive that high performance will lead to extra benefits (such as pay raises, time off, and