netbilgi.htm). Galata was ruled by Italian colonies that were trying to gain the trade over Mediterranean area (Arkan, 1993, p. 149). Since trade was important, Galata had become the political and economical power of the time because it was between Kasimpasa and Tophane where most of the trade took place (Arkan, 1993, p. 149). Also Halic, which was known as Golden Horn was the harbor of the city and it was settled in the south part of Beyoglu, was important for trade, so with Galata and Halic areas, trade got bigger and the population got larger in Beyoglu (Beyoglu Muzesi cin Oneriler,2000, p. 11).
In 1477, a census was made in Galata and there were 35.2 Muslims, 38.9 Ortodox, 21.8 Europeans, 4.1 Ermenians (Arkan, 1993, p. 156). Muslims were 13 of the whole population and they were minority. Although at that time Muslims were majority (60.5) in whole Istanbul, they were minority in Galata. The dominant group of that time was non-muslims (Arkan, 1993, p. 156). Roman Catholic Church was the most important religious place in Beyoglu for that period (Beyoglu Muzesi Icin Oneriler, 2000, p. 23). With the increase in number of foreigners in Beyoglu, the area became cosmopolite (Bir Beyoglu Fot
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Neural Induction
... in avian embryos suggest that neural induction requires signals originating in the underlying mesoderm in addition to those from the organiser Pera et al 1999 ... (1339 5
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Beowulf
... saved it is \ampquota story of dreams and legends, of a community threatened by evil of supernatural monsters, supernatural weapons and supernatural heroes Pera ... (20518
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Gladiators
... At the funeral of Brutus Pera, his two sons for the first time exhibited, in the cattle market, three simultaneous gladiatorial combats. ... (316913
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reflection paper on exposure
... Kung may pera lang ako, magpapatayo ako ng sarili kong sarisari store, at papaaralin ko ang mga anak ko those are the wishes of Nanay Mita, a widow who ... (3822
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Gladiators
... The first gladiator games took place in Rome in 264 BC by the son of Junius Brutus Pera in their fatheramp39s honor after he had died. ... (9794
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While Westernalization was going on, in 1870, there was a big fire started in Beyoglu (http:www.beyoglu.netbilgi.htm). Beyoglus 23 areas were completely destroyed in this fire (http:www.beyoglu.netbilgi.htm). The buildings were rebuilt but not with wood, streets and roads were widend (Arkan, 1993, p. 170). Eser Tutel(1998) remembers that they had a well in their garden of their house in Beyoglu and she says before 1870 I guess the area of our house were a huge garden because this kind of huge well just can be in a garden (Tutel, 1998, p.9). It was very hard to see settlements in Beyoglu until 18th century so that the area was called Vignes de Pera which meant Pera vineyards (http:www.theguideturkey.comistanbulfeatures9911beyoglu.htm). Before 18th century wealthy people built their own gardens, Beyoglu was a political area with many embassies built (Bir Beyoglu Fotoromani, 2000, p. 21). After that The Metropolitan Railway of Constantinople from Galata to Pera was established and called as Tunel in 1873 (http:www.beyoglu.netbilgi.htm). These were the results of modernization. Sultan wanted to modernize the Beyoglu area because it was cosmopolite and most of the people were coming from west so they were more comfortable with changes (http:www.beyoglu.netbilgi.htm). Sultan established Grande Rue De Pera, which is known as Istiklal Caddesi to be modernized, and there were many consular buildings including Sweden, Russia and France (http:www.guideistanbul.netpera.htm).
In 1477, a census was made in Galata and there were 35.2 Muslims, 38.9 Ortodox, 21.8 Europeans, 4.1 Ermenians (Arkan, 1993, p. 156). Muslims were 13 of the whole population and they were minority. Although at that time Muslims were majority (60.5) in whole Istanbul, they were minority in Galata. The dominant group of that time was non-muslims (Arkan, 1993, p. 156). Roman Catholic Church was the most important religious place in Beyoglu for that period (Beyoglu Muzesi Icin Oneriler, 2000, p. 23). With the increase in number of foreigners in Beyoglu, the area became cosmopolite (Bir Beyoglu Fotoromani, 2000, p. 6 ). In 1482, II. Beyazit built Galata Sarayi which gives training in French (Today Lyce De Galatasaray), which was a very important settlement in Beyoglu (Coruk, 1995, p. 24). After 1492, French, Italian, Venetia, Sweden, Holland and Ragusa established embassies
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