Alfred then extended his training when he attended Fontainebleau from 1880 until 1882, where he specialized as an artillery officer. On graduation, he claimed first division of the 32nd cavalry regiment and promoted to lieutenant in 1885. In 1889, Alfred, adjutant to the director of the pyrotechnical school in Bourges , became captain (M. Johnson 20).
On April 18, 1891, Alfred married Lucie Hadamard, (1870-1945) who would later bear his son Pierre, and daughter Jeanne. A mere three days later, he received notice that he had been admitted to the Superior War College. Two years later, Alfred graduated ninth in his class with honorable mention, and immediately designated as a trainee at army headquarters where he remained as the only Jew.
The Dreyfus case highlighted and intensified bitter divisions within French politics and society. By the end of the 1890"tms, the republican regime had successfully weathered several storms, only to face its most serious challenge yet when the Dreyfus Affair broke. The fact that the case followed other scandals: The Boulanger affair , the Wilson case, and the bribery of government officials and journalis
The secret dossier was said to contain a biographical sketch detailing Dreyfus"tms alleged espionage since 1892 and also three supporting documents:
3.A confused note written by Schwartzkoppen suggesting that a French officer had offered to spy for him (M. Johnson 29).
The papers found made it appear that a French military officer was providing secret information to the German government (The Affair). Despite over 80,000 Jews living in France in the 1890"tms, Dreyfus, the only Jew on the general staff, became under immediate suspicion because of his Jewish heritage. Jews at the time were considered people without a fatherland, insufficiently loyal to the country they live in (D. Johnson 17). Dreyfus had family living outside of France and in Alsace whom declared Alsatian, as well as Jewish. This question was asked, "Could a Jew, and an Alsatian Jew, be considered as wholly French (D. Johnson 17)" Dreyfus had the access to the type of information supplied to the German agent, which led to the third reason he became under suspicion among the French. On the contrary, according to the lecture, friends of Dreyfus said he was extremely patriotic and devoted to France and that there was no obvious lack of patriotism in himself or his family.
With the suspicious documents, France had to do something to find the traitor. Auguste Mercier, Minister of War at the time, called in Gobert, a handwriting expert took the documents to his home and he spent a whole day working on them. France also called on Alphonse Bertillon , who already knew of the suspect listed, to examine the documents (D. Johnson 18). Gobert pointed out striking differences between the writing of The Bordereau and that of the documents given to him for comparison, the personal folio of Dreyfus, from which his name had been erased but the dates left, so that it was easy to identify him from the army list. Gobert reported that although the writing of The Bordereau resembled that of Dreyfus, there were differences, and he said that, "Dreyfus is not the writer (D. Johnson 19)." Bertillon, who worked with great speed, reported that in his opinion the writing of The Bordereau was the same as that of Dreyfus, and unless there had been a deliberate forgery, he concluded that Dreyfus was the writer (D. Johnson 19). He also stated that if we set aside the idea of a document forged with the greatest care, it is evident that the same person has written all the papers given for examination, including the incriminating document (D. Johnson 19). Hanotaux declared,
On April 18, 1891, Alfred married Lucie Hadamard, (1870-1945) who would later bear his son Pierre, and daughter Jeanne. A mere three days later, he received notice that he had been admitted to the Superior War College. Two years later, Alfred graduated ninth in his class with honorable mention, and immediately designated as a trainee at army headquarters where he remained as the only Jew.
With all the new information and evidence, Dreyfus generated a second trial, which, once again, found guilty of treason. Hause stated that this time that on September 19, 1989, the Prime Minister, now Waldeck-Rousseau, gave Dreyfus an official state pardon with extenuating circumstances; Dreyfus had to return to Devil"tms Island for five more years. On July 12, 1906, Alfred Dreyfus finally caught a break and was declared innocent and reinstated in the Army as a Lieutenant. Dreyfus demonstrated his patriotism by yelling back at those of the enthusiasts who shouted, "Long Live Dreyfus," he proudly shouts back, "No gentleman, no... Long Live France (M. Johnson 150)!"
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