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People have been debating the structure of the governments and the economic systems during centuries. These arguments began with the publication of The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith in 1776. He discusses the basic principles of “Capitalism” in his book. However, in 1848, a new idea called “Communism” comes up with The Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx. These two ideas seem to be opposite, in fact, they differ in many ways; however, they also have something in common. In this essay, first of all, I will analyze these two texts to find out the differences and similarities between the ideas of Karl Marx and Adam Smith. Then, I will move on to the effects of these two men’s ideas on today’s governments and economies. As it is said above, there are many differences between The Wealth of Nations and The Communist Manifesto. It is not surprising because The Communist Manifesto was written in order to oppose the idea Adam Smith mentioned in The Wealth of Nations. In The Wealth of N