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Through the strong-minded efforts of different popes and their lay and religious supporters over the course of several centuries, the papacy came to exercise unique and substantial political power as an office that required its holder to overlap two worlds: the spiritual and the secular. Relations between secular rulers and the pontificates were not always equal and often changed with the ideals each side held on the issues of right order. Though only separated by a century, the relations Innocent III and Boniface VIII had with