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As I remember, the word "manga" used to mean animation (anime) also before. For example, the animation film festival produced by Toei every summer used to be called Toei Manga Matsuri. Manga in the sense of animation used to mean cartoons for kids, I think. Doraemon (animation) was manga. So was ObaQ. But Gandam was anime... I guess. From the early 80s, certain kinds of animation have been specifically "anime" in the sense that they entailed some kind of fetishism. Now that the term anime seems to mean animation on general, Toei Manga Matsuri is also renamed Toei Anime Matsuri. As of differences of media, I will discuss later when I have time... or someone else will do :-P Is Manga Different from Literature? Manga tends to be taken as disposable commodity. In that sense, manga has not gained the same level of authority as artwork as literature. But it is also true that many manga have shown deep insights in human relationship, love, culture, society, etc. like serious literature. As a comparative literature major, I think that some manga are worth comparing with literature, and even better than many literary works. Unfortunately, manga industry is very conscious of readership, so when many readers say that "this ma